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since Polaris is located directly above the north pole, it can be used to easily find your latitude in the northern hemisphere (note: it is not visible from south of the equator, so you can immediately eliminate any answers with a south latitude). At the equator (0 degrees latitude) the north star is on the horizon, or at zero degreesaltitude. At the north pole (90 degrees latitude) is at 90 degrees altitude.

The angle of the star with the horizon is equal to the latitude of the observer. so your answer is B.

It's not really a degree for a degree relationship, more like a degree per sine of a degree. I would say that it's:

sin( 17 / 360 * 2 * pi ) * 360 / ( 2 * pi ) = 16.75 degrees North.

That's assuming that Polaris would be 0 degrees above the northern horizon when you are standing at the equator and directly above you when you're standing at the pole.

If you are at the North pole, Polaris is straight above your head, 90 degrees from the horizon. For every degree you move toward the equator, Polaris will move 1 degree toward the horizon. If you move 90 degrees toward the equator, then Polaris will have moved 90 degrees toward the horizon.

Question: if you move 90 degrees from the North pole toward the equator, how far are you from the equator?

Question: if Polaris moves 90 degrees from straight up toward the horizon, then how far above the horizon will it be?